European Association for Palliative Care

Forum.

Table 1. Use of drugs for ‘proportional’ sedation.

Study
P = prospective
R = retrospective

Sample size, setting and country

Frequency of sedation (%)

Drugs used (%, where stated)

Indications for sedation
(%, where stated)

Ventafridda 19909

P

154
Home care
Italy

Diazepam
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol

Dyspnoea
Pain
Delirium
Vomiting

41
39
14
6

McIver 19946

P

20
Hospital
USA

Chlorpromazine (purpose of study)

100

Dyspnoea
Restlessness

55
45

Turner 199610

P

50
PCU+ Hospital
?

Midazolam
Clonazepam
Lorazepam
Diazepam

Morita 199911 *

P

157
PCU
Japan

Opioids
Midazolam
Haloperidol
Diazepam
Hyoscine hydrobromide

37
31
31
13
10

Delirium/restlessness
Dyspnoea
Pain
Vomiting
Psychological distress

42
41
13
1
1

Chiu 200112

P

251
PCU
Taiwan

Haloperidol
Midazolam
Morphine

50
24
13

Delirium
Dyspnoea
Pain
Insomnia

57
23
10
7

Morita 199613 * R	143 PCU Japan	48	Midazolam Morphine Haloperidol Diazepam Hyoscine hydrobromide	55 55 33 15 13	Dyspnoea Pain Malaise Agitation Nausea		49 39 38 23 10
Stone 19977 * R	115 PCU + Hospital UK	26	Midazolam Haloperidol Levomepromazine Phenobarbital	80 37 33 3
Fainsinger 199814 * R	76 PCU Canada	30	Midazolam Chlorpromazine Lorazepam	91 9 9	Delirium Dyspnoea		96 4
Morita 200115 R	209 PCU Japan	60	Haloperidol Midazolam Hydroxyzine	43 23 15
Sykes 20038 * R	237 PCU UK	48	Midazolam Haloperidol Levomepromazine Phenobarbital	82 35 22 2
Muller-Busch103 R	548 PCU Germany	14.6	Midazolam (in most cases)a		Anxiety, psychological distress Dyspnoea Delirium, agitation Gastrointestinal Pain Bleeding	40 35 14 7.5 2.5 1

PCU = Palliative Care Unit
* totals for % drugs used exceed 100% as more than one drug could be used per patient
a as stated by the author

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